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Infinitives:  an infinitive is the essence of the verb.  It is the verbiness of the verb.  It is called an infinitive because it is a verb without a personal verb ending.  (In-not   fin-end).  They are used as nouns and most of the time like direct objects following certain verbs.  Certain verbs lend themselves to infinitive compliments.  (A compliment is something that fills out the idea of the verb.)

Verbs which probably will have an infinitve after them:   posse:  to be able to,   cupio:  I desire to,      iubeo: I order ___ to,     paro:  I prepare to,      debeo:  I ought to,     constituo:  I decide to,     oro:  to beg ___ to,     amo:  I like to,      volo:  I wish to,         nolo:  I don’t want to

Formation of infinitives:

Important:  2nd conjugation infinitives have a long mark over the E.  The long mark indicates that it is 2nd conjugation.  (You only have two long marks to remember so it is not overly burdensome to remember that the long mark goes on this infinitive.)  The 3rd conjugation does not have a long mark.

Complimentary Infinitive Examples:
Puellae cupiunt vendere lanam.  The girls desire to buy wool.
Mater parat ad tabernam procedere.  The mother prepares to proceed to the shop.
Flaccus Quintum dormire iubet.  Flaccus orders Quintus to sleep.

Vocative case:  Vocative case is used for direct address.  Direct Address is when a person is named or called in a sentence.  These are always set of by commas.  In the first and third declension there is not change.  In the 2nd conjugation:  if the word or name ends in -ius, drop the -us.  EG:  Tiberius becomes Tiberi;  Octavius becomes Octavi.    If the word ends in -us, drop the us and add -e.  Flaccus  becomes Flacce;  colonus becomes colone;  Quintus becomes Quinte.

Examples:

Quinte, Cur dormis?   Quintus, why are you sleeping?  (Quintus becomes Quinte.)
Flaccus dicit, “Scintilla, Fessus sum.”  Flaccus says, “Scintilla, I am tired.”  (Scintilla has not changed.)